tissuescience-dummy-2019

Chemotherapy is a widely used treatment for cancer. It usually entails the use of chemicals to destroy cancer cells on a selective basis. As part of the body's natural process, cells are constantly replaced through a process of dividing and growing. When cancer occurs, cells reproduce in an uncontrolled manner. More and more cells are produced, and they start to occupy an increasing amount of space until they occupy the space previously inhabited by useful cells. It usually is used to treat patients with cancer that has spread from the place in the body where it metastasized.Chemotherapy destroys cancer cells anywhere in the body. It even kills cells that have broken off from the main tumor & travel through the blood or lymph systems to the other parts of the body.

Chemotherapy drugs: Impair mitosis, or prevent cell division, as in the case of cytotoxic drugs. Target the cancer cells' food source, which consists of the enzymes and hormones they need to grow. Apoptosis Stop the growth of new blood vessels that supply a tumor in order to starve it. A single drug or a combination of drugs is used. These can be delivered either directly into the bloodstream, to attack cancer cells throughout the body, or they can be targeted to specific cancer sites.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are cancer cells (found within tumors or hematological cancers) that possess characteristics associated with normal stem cells, specifically the ability to give rise to all cell types found in a particular cancer sample. CSCs are therefore tumorigenic (tumor-forming), perhaps in contrast to other non-tumorigenic cancer cells. CSCs may generate tumors through the stem cell processes of self-renewal and differentiation into multiple cell types. Such cells are hypothesized to persist in tumors as a distinct population and cause relapse and metastasis by giving rise to new tumors. Therefore, development of specific therapies targeted at CSCs holds hope for improvement of survival and quality of life of cancer patients, especially for patients with metastatic disease.

Biochips refer to the complete fundamental functional unit, capable of performing multi biochemical tasks simultaneously. Tissue chips on the other hand are similar miniaturized units that can replace a tissue or some part of it, enabling the organ to work normally. Both biochips & tissue chips have been elemental in tissue engineering technology and have proven to be of utmost importance in the same arena. DNA microarray also called as biochip in simple terms consists of a two dimensional grid system where upon sensors or solid flat substrates are incorporated. These solid substrates can be either positively charged just like silicon or glass or can also be consisting of integrated circuitry units that perform best in signal transduction studies. These sorts of microarrays have application in micromechanical studies.

Bioreactors in Tissue Engineering A bioreactor is a device that utilizations mechanical intend to impact organic procedures. In tissue designing bioreactors can be utilized to help in the in vitro advancement of new tissue by giving biochemical and physical administrative signs to cells and urging them to experience separation as well as to create extracellular network before in vivo implantation. This section examines the need for bioreactors in tissue building, the various kinds of bioreactor that exist, the methods by which they empower cells and how their usefulness is represented by the prerequisites of the particular tissue being built and the cell compose experiencing incitement.

There are many applications of Tissue engineering but majorly they are used in Organ Transplantation and Therapeutic Cloning like Bio Artificial liver device, artificial pancreas, artificial bladders, and Cartilage. When there is damage in our body cells or organs we use tissue engineering techniques to overcome the damage by replacing the old cell. There is wide range of Tissue Engineered product or materials which are used to cure diseases in human and save life.
 

Insulin is a very important hormone that is produced by the pancreas and helps to keep the body’s blood sugar (glucose) levels in check. Diabetes is caused when there is an imbalance of insulin in the body. Type 1 Diabetes: This is usually diagnosed during childhood where the body makes very little or no insulin. In conventional therapy, there is only a way to maintain the right levels of insulin with daily injections. Type 2 Diabetes: In this condition, the body becomes resistive to insulin and the pancreas lose the capability to make enough insulin which is required to keep blood glucose levels normal. This is usually because of incorrect diet, lack or exercise or being overweight. Most diabetics suffer from Type 2 Diabetes.

Stem Cell Treatment can be used for both, Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes.

• The long-term goals of are to:
• Prolong life
• Reduce symptoms
• Prevent diabetes-related complications such as blindness, heart disease, kidney failure and amputation of limbs
• Bring blood glucose levels under control with oral hypoglycemics

Immunotherapy, also called biologic treatment, is a kind of disease treatment that lifts the body's common guards to battle the malignancy. It utilizes substances made by the body or in a research facility to enhance or re-establish safe framework work. Immunotherapy may work in these ways: 

• Halting or abating the development of tumor cells
• Preventing malignancy from spreading to different parts of the body
• Helping the safe framework work better at crushing disease cells

There are several types of immunotherapy, including: Monoclonal antibodies, Non-specific immunotherapies, Oncolytic virus therapy, T-cell therapy, Cancer vaccines

Rejuvenation is a medical discipline focused on the practical reversal of the aging process. Rejuvenation is distinct from life extension. Life extension strategies often study the causes of aging and try to oppose those causes in order to slow aging. Rejuvenation is the reversal of aging and thus requires a different strategy, namely repair of the damage that is associated with aging or replacement of damaged tissue with new tissue. Rejuvenation can be a means of life extension, but most life extension strategies do not involve rejuvenation.

Biomarkers, in the hands of clinical investigators, provide a dynamic and powerful approach to understanding the spectrum of diseases with obvious applications in analytic epidemiology, biomarkers and clinical research in disease prevention, diagnosis and disease management. Biomarkers have the additional potential to identify individuals susceptible to particular diseases. This conference is a podium that brings and shares collective knowledge and research explorations in biomarkers study. . In the recent years, the information about cancer biomarkers has increased largely providing a huge potential for improving the management of cancer patients by improving the accuracy of detection and efficacy of treatment. Latest technological advancements have enabled the examination of many possible biomarkers and renewed interest in developing new biomarkers. All such developments can be evidenced in this biomarker congress.

• Cancer Biomarkers
• Molecular Biomarkers
• Genomics biomarkers
• Biomarkers in Clinical Research and Development
• Biomarkers and Pathology

Biomaterials are being utilized for the social insurance applications from old circumstances. In any case, consequent development has made them more flexible and has expanded their utility. Biomaterials have reformed the territories like bioengineering and tissue designing for the advancement of novel methodologies to battle perilous infections. Together with biomaterials, immature microorganism innovation is additionally being utilized to enhance the current human services offices. These ideas and innovations are being utilized for the treatment of various maladies like cardiovascular disappointment, cracks, profound skin wounds, and so forth. Presentation of nanomaterials then again is turning into a major seek after a superior and a reasonable social insurance. Mechanical headways are in progress for the advancement of persistent observing and controlling glucose levels by the implantation of sensor chips.

Stem cell treatments and clinical trials have been going on for over 40 years; however we are still in the intial stages of stem cell therapy being utilized as an effective alternative treatment method to traditional pharmaceutical based treatments. Much of the early work in stem cell clinical trials focused on the overall effectiveness and safety of the procedures involved. The primary concern with any new treatment is the long term safety and standardization of results. There have been countless journals and research papers focusing in on these clinical trials that have revealed promising results from these initial trials around the world

Clinical medicine relates to medicine field that deals mainly with the study and practice of medicine based on the direct examination of the patient. In clinical medicine, medical practitioners assess patients in order to diagnose, treat, and prevent disease

GTR are dental surgical procedures that use barrier membranes to direct the growth of new bone and gingival tissue at sites with insufficient volumes or dimensions of bone or gingiva for proper function, esthetics or prosthetic restoration
 

Stem cell transplant is treatment in some types of cancers like leukemia, multiple myeloma, or some types of lymphoma. Stem cell transplantation is the procedure that restores blood-forming stem cells in patients who have had theirs destroyed by the very high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy that are used to treat certain cancers.

Bone and Cartilage are critical segments in the skeleton framework, giving the real structure of the group of vertebrates and giving assurance and support of delicate tissues. This part quickly surveys the constituents of bones and articular ligaments and in addition cells related with bone/ligament mending. This section additionally presents the ideas and basic components of tissue building for the repair/recovery of bone and Cartilage. 

Tissue engineering of musculoskeletal tissues, especially bone and Cartilage, is a quickly propelling field. In bone, innovation has fixated on bone unite substitute materials and the improvement of biodegradable platforms. As of late, tissue building systems have included cell and quality treatment. The accessibility of development factors and the growing learning base concerning the hereditary qualities and direction of bone arrangement have produced new materials for tissue-designing applications. This data base additionally has profited ligament tissue building. The issues are more mind boggling, nonetheless, and the arrangements seem more slippery. Advances in platform outline and cell culture have enhanced the guess for progress.

Cord Blood Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine discuss the current applications for cord blood stem cells and techniques for banking cord blood. Cord blood, blood from the umbilical cord and placenta of an infant, represents an alternate source of stem cells that can be used to treat a numerous of disorders. Over the last few years, cord blood applications have expanded beyond transplant medicine into areas of regenerative medicine including autism and brain injuries. Regenerative medicine is the science of living cells being used to potentially regenerate or facilitate the repair of cells damaged by disease, genetics, injury or simply aging by stimulating the body's own repair mechanisms.

Scaffolds are one of the three most important elements constituting the basic concept of regenerative medicine, and are included in the core technology of regenerative medicine. Every day thousands of surgical procedures are performed to replace or repair tissue that has been damaged through disease or trauma. The developing field of tissue engineering (TE) aims to regenerate damaged tissues by combining cells from the body with highly porous scaffold biomaterials, which act as templates for tissue regeneration, to guide the growth of new tissue. Scaffolds has a prominent role in tissue regeneration the designs, fabrication, 3D models, surface ligands and molecular architecture, nanoparticle-cell interactions and porous of the scaffolds are been used in the field in attempts to regenerate different tissues and organs in the body. The world stem cell market was approximately 2.715 billion dollars in 2010, and with a growth rate of 16.8% annually, a market of 6.877 billion dollars will be formed in 2016. From 2017, the expected annual growth rate is 10.6%, which would expand the market to 11.38 billion dollars by 2021.

In the field of biology, regeneration is the progression of renewal, regeneration, and growth that makes it possible for genomes, cells, organ regeneration to natural changes or events that cause damage or disturbance. This study is carried out as craniofacial tissue engineering, in-situ tissue regeneration, adipose-derived stem cells for regenerative medicine which is also a breakthrough in cell culture technology. The study is not stopped with the regeneration of tissue where it is further carried out in relation with cell signalling, morphogenetic proteins. The initial step is rearrangement of pre-existing tissue followed by de-differentiation and trans-differentiation of the cells. This involves cells called stem cells which have the potential to regenerate themselves. There are intrinsic signals that activate stem cells to undergo regeneration when needed. There are amazing instances of tissue regeneration, for example heart regeneration in zebra fish. In humans, liver cells can regenerate themselves. But there are many cells and tissue that lack this ability. To help humans fight tissue damages in a better way tissue regeneration needs immediate attention. Researchers across the globe should come together to unleash the mystery of the signals and genetics that trigger regeneration in some tissues.

• Tissue biomarkers
• Tissue graft tolerance
• Photodynamic therapy
• Tissue mechanics & mechanobiology
• Histopathology

Since the beginning of there has been a effective research in the field of stem cell biology, recent advances in the field of stem cell research mainly focused in the translation of scientific insights into new therapies. It represents a new strategy for organ and tissue repair in several pathologies. Additional treatment strategies are urgently needed due to donor organ shortage that costs many lives every year and results in lifelong immunosuppression. Stem cells are characterized by the ability to renew themselves and differentiating into a various range of specialized cell types. Stem cells have potential to treat various diseases, genetic bone marrow disorders and the treatment of malignant. Being all other stem cell applications highly experimental, Moreover, there is a growing body of evidence showing that administration of stem cells leads to the successful regeneration of tissues or organ.

Tissue engineering of musculoskeletal tissues, particularly bone and cartilage, is a rapidly advancing field. In bone, technology has centered on bone graft substitute materials and the development of biodegradable scaffolds. Recently, tissue engineering strategies have included cell and gene therapy. The availability of growth factors and the expanding knowledge base concerning the bone regeneration with modern techniques like recombinant signalling molecules, solid free form fabrication of scaffolds, synthetic cartilage, Electrochemical deposition, spinal fusion and ossification are new generated techniques for tissue-engineering applications. The worldwide market for bone and cartilage repairs strategies is estimated about $300 million. During the last 10/15 years, the scientific community witnessed and reported the appearance of several sources of stem cells with both osteo and chondrogenic potential.

Aims to fabricate of multifunctional scaffolds that meet the mechanical, structural, and nutritional requirements based on optimized models. Computer-aided three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is driving major innovations in many areas, such as engineering, manufacturing, art, education and medicine. It is being applied to regenerative medicine to address the need for tissues and organs suitable for transplantation. Recently, it has shown a great promise in tissue fabrication with structural control from micro- to macro-scale by using a layer-by-layer approach. It involves additional complexities, such as choice of materials, cell types, growth and differentiation factors, and technical challenges related to the sensitivities of living cells and the construction of tissues. It has been already used for the generation and transplantation of several tissues, including multi-layered skin, bone, vascular grafts, tracheal splints, heart tissue and cartilaginous structures. Other applications involve developing the high-throughput 3D-bioprinted tissue models for analysis, drug discovery, and pharmacological medicine. This track will cover several approaches that have advanced the field of 3D technology through novel fabrication methods of tissue engineering constructs.

Guided tissue regeneration is defined as procedures attempting to regenerate lost periodontal structures through differential tissue responses. Guided bone regeneration typically refers to ridge augmentation or bone regenerative procedures it typically refers to regeneration of periodontal therapy. The recent advancements and innovations in biomedical and regenerative tissue engineering techniques include the novel approach of guided tissue regeneration

Stem cell engineering (SCE) was to gather information on the worldwide status and trends of research and development in field SCE, that is, the engineers and engineering approaches in the stem cell field, both in basic research and translation of research into clinical applications and commercial products. The study of Stem Cells Engineering is facilitated and managed by the World Technology Evaluation Center (WTEC). This will provide a support for the generation of future economic growth and new markets. The process involved site visits in both Europe and Asia, and it also included several different workshops.